What HR software is, and what it does
HR software is a system that manages, automates and standardises human resource tasks: hiring, onboarding, payroll, attendance and employee data, all in one place. Instead of spreadsheets, sticky notes and memory, it keeps records organised, accessible and compliant with labour law and internal policy.
At its core it acts as the backbone for the entire employee lifecycle. From posting a job and tracking applicants through offer letters and onboarding, it covers every stage. Time-off requests, attendance, performance management. All of it lives in the same system rather than five.
Most platforms also include compliance reminders, e-signatures and centralised records, so you are not searching email when an audit arrives. These become more valuable as a business moves through the organisational life cycle and informal process stops scaling.
Why small businesses need HR software

When HR tasks pile up, they slow down the people trying to grow the business. That is the real cost, and it is why the right system stops being a nice-to-have somewhere around the tenth hire.
- Time-saving automation
In a small team nobody has the bandwidth for processing leave requests or chasing signatures by hand. HR management software automates the admin so leaders can spend the time on hiring, growth or culture-building instead.
- Compliance without the chaos
Even small companies must follow labour law, tax regulation and documentation rules. An HRMS automates updates, stores legal templates and sends reminders, so the mistakes that turn into fines do not happen quietly.
- Smoother onboarding and hiring
Without a structured process, onboarding gets rushed. Customisable workflows make sure every step, from documentation to training, actually completes, so new hires settle faster and the first impression holds.
- Centralised employee information
Data scattered across spreadsheets and inboxes leads to confusion and to the wrong version being used. One system holding performance notes, contracts and leave records makes updates and access effortless.
- Stronger internal communication
Important updates get buried in Slack threads. HR software gives you a place to share announcements, policies and feedback clearly, which matters most for remote or hybrid teams.
Eight must-have features for small teams

When you are a small team, every feature should earn its place. The balance to look for is simplicity against functionality. Here is what matters before you subscribe.
- Easy employee onboarding
Digital offer letters, e-signatures, welcome checklists and document storage. A smooth onboarding sets the tone for the employee experience without needing a dedicated hire to run it.
- Time-off and attendance tracking
Employees apply for time off, managers approve in a click, balances update themselves. The alternative is a spreadsheet somebody forgets to update and an argument in December.
- Centralised employee database
A secure, searchable place for employee data, visible only to those who need it. You should not be searching old email for an emergency contact.
- Built-in payroll or integrations
Whether payroll is included or connected, the flow from hours worked to deductions should be seamless. Re-keying between two systems is where payroll errors come from.
- Compliance support
Automated alerts, updated legal templates and digital audit trails. These matter more as headcount grows and the informal approach stops being defensible.
- Self-service portal
Let employees update their own details, download payslips and check leave balances. It cuts admin and removes the bottleneck of one person holding all the answers.
- Performance management tools
Review cycles, goal tracking and feedback options keep small teams aligned and support a culture of growth rather than pure tracking.
- Scalable, honest pricing
You should not pay enterprise rates for five people. Look for flexible tiers, free trials and modular plans, and read the fine print on per-user minimums and add-on fees.
The types of HR software

Not all HR software is built the same. Depending on your size and goals you might need a system that handles everything, or one that does a single job properly.
Core HR
The foundation: employee records, org charts, compliance documentation and basic workflows like time-off tracking. Right for small teams wanting structure without the bells and whistles.
Payroll software
Focused purely on compensation: salaries, tax deductions, payslips and direct deposits. Some HR platforms include payroll natively; others integrate with a specialist.
Applicant Tracking Systems
If hiring is the priority, an ATS handles job posts, applications, interview scheduling and candidate tracking, and keeps resumes out of inboxes where they get lost.
Performance management
Goal-setting, feedback and performance reviews. Useful for teams tracking growth and accountability; many all-in-one platforms include a lighter version.
All-in-one HR suites
Onboarding, payroll, compliance and performance combined in one platform. Best for small businesses that want everything in one place rather than juggling vendors and integrations.
Do you actually need HR software yet?

Running a small business without HR software is fine until it is not. These are the signals that the manual approach has stopped working. Tick the ones you recognise.
What you get back

When you are managing a small team, every hour counts. Here is where the time and the accuracy actually come back.
- Consistent processes, even with a small team
Standardised onboarding, benefits enrollment and performance reviews mean each employee gets the same experience regardless of who runs it, or how much the team has changed.
- Better data security and accuracy
Records on paper or in spreadsheets invite errors and security risk. A central, encrypted system with automatic updates removes a category of human error rather than reducing it.
- Faster decisions with real-time data
Real-time visibility into hiring, retention and performance trends means decisions get made on what is happening, not on what someone remembers happening.
- Better employee experience and trust
People value transparency. Self-service access to payslips, leave balances and benefits builds trust and cuts the routine questions HR spends its week answering.
- Lean HR teams get more done
Automated workflows and easy record access let one person handle what used to take three, freeing time for engagement and planning.
- Remote and hybrid setups get simpler
Centralised communication, document sharing and task management keep a distributed team aligned, and make sure remote workers get the same support as anyone in the office.
- Growth and performance become measurable
Performance tracking lets you measure productivity, goals and team progress over time, so you can see trends rather than react to incidents.
- Scaling stops meaning re-platforming
What works for five may not work for fifty. Software designed to scale adds users, features and integrations without forcing a migration mid-growth.
How HR tech builds culture, not just systems

HR technology is usually framed as an admin tool, which undersells it. Used deliberately, it shapes how a company communicates, recognises and develops people, which is most of what culture actually is.
- Enhances communication and transparency
A single place for company updates, announcements and information. That transparency builds trust and connects people to the goals they are working toward.
- Encourages feedback and recognition
Gathering regular feedback becomes routine, so people feel heard. Peer recognition features let colleagues celebrate each other rather than waiting on a manager.
- Aligns people with company values
Values embedded in onboarding and review processes stop being a poster and start being part of how work is evaluated.
- Supports learning and development
Easier management of development programmes, training materials and growth opportunities cultivates a growth mindset and long-term commitment.
- Fosters inclusion and diversity
Tracking diversity metrics, ensuring fair hiring and promoting equal opportunity makes inclusion measurable, which is what stops it drifting.
- Strengthens engagement
Easy access to recognition, rewards and development tools means people who feel supported invest more, which shows up in the work.
- Facilitates work-life balance
Self-service, flexible scheduling and simpler time-off management signal that wellbeing and personal time count as much as output.
The pattern worth noticing: none of these come from the software itself. They come from what the software makes routine. A tool that makes feedback easy gets you feedback; a tool that makes it a project gets you nothing.
Comparison chart

All seventeen platforms side by side. Pricing is as published at the time of writing and changes often, so treat it as a starting point for the conversation, not a quote.
| Software | Key features | Best for | Pricing |
|---|---|---|---|
| CultureMonkey | Engagement surveys, feedback analysis, pulse surveys, real-time reporting | Small to enterprise teams focused on culture and engagement | Custom pricing |
| Apploye | Remote monitoring, time tracking with screenshots, app & URL tracking, idle detection, payroll & invoicing | Remote or hybrid teams needing productivity visibility and payroll in one tool | From $4.50/user/mo |
| TestTrick | Skills tests, coding assessments, psychometric and cognitive tests, one-way video interviews, AI proctoring, ATS integrations | Teams hiring on verified skills | Free trial, then from $35/mo |
| Zimyo | Payroll with statutory compliance (PF, ESI, TDS), attendance, onboarding, ATS, performance, self-service app | SMBs wanting all-in-one HR with built-in payroll compliance | ₹80/user/mo, 50-user min |
| Pocket HRMS | smHRt Payroll, GenAI recruitment, GPS and facial attendance, agentic AI chatbot, digital onboarding, ESS portal, custom reports | SMBs looking for heavy automation | From $32/mo for 50 employees |
| factoHR | Payroll, attendance, onboarding, performance, self-service, mobile access, reports | All-in-one HR automation | Custom pricing |
| ZenHR | Full-cycle HR, MENA statutory compliance, Arabic/English support, self-service app, automated workflows | Small businesses operating in the MENA region | Custom pricing |
| BambooHR | Employee records, time-off tracking, performance management, payroll integration | Small to medium-sized businesses | Custom pricing |
| HiBob | Engagement, performance reviews, HR reporting, payroll integration | Growing businesses with remote teams | Custom pricing |
| Gusto | Payroll, benefits management, compliance, tax filing, hiring tools | Payroll and benefits administration | From $49/mo |
| Paycor | Payroll, time tracking, benefits, performance management, scheduling | Small businesses with complex reporting needs | Custom pricing |
| Rippling | Payroll, benefits, employee devices, IT management, global compliance | Businesses managing HR and IT together | Custom pricing |
| Zoho People | Time-off management, performance reviews, employee database, recruitment | Teams already inside the Zoho ecosystem | From $1/employee/mo |
| Deel | Global payroll, contract management, international compliance, contractor management | International and remote teams | Custom pricing |
| TriNet | Payroll, benefits, compliance support, risk management, HR consulting | Small businesses needing full HR support | Custom pricing |
| Workable | Job postings, applicant tracking, candidate management, interview scheduling | Companies hiring at volume | Custom pricing |
| HubSpot CRM | Candidate and employee records, pipeline management, engagement tracking | Growing businesses hiring occasionally | Free; paid from $9/user/mo |
The 17 picks, filtered by what you need

Filter by the job you are solving rather than reading all seventeen. Several tools appear under more than one filter, because they genuinely do more than one thing.
Showing 17 of 17 platforms.
CultureMonkey
Best for: Engagement and feedback for people-first teamsCustom pricing
CultureMonkey is an employee engagement survey platform built for teams that want a people-first culture without an HR department to run it. It automates employee feedback collection and turns it into actions a manager can take, rather than a dashboard nobody opens. It is not an HRIS and does not run payroll. It sits alongside whichever core system you use.
- Automated pulse and lifecycle surveys: Run recurring surveys that track sentiment across each stage of the employee journey.
- 65+ ready-to-use templates: Research-backed templates for engagement, eNPS, DEI and onboarding, so launching does not start with a blank page.
- Anonymous feedback and AI insights: Honest responses, with sentiment and thematic analysis surfacing patterns across free-text answers.
- Multi-channel distribution: Email, Slack, WhatsApp, MS Teams and SMS, which is what lifts response rates on deskless teams.
- Multilingual support: Surveys in 100+ languages so a diverse workforce answers in the language it thinks in.
- Manager-level dashboards: Team-specific insights and recommended actions, so results reach the person who can change something.
Apploye
Best for: Remote teams needing productivity visibility plus payrollFrom $4.50/user/mo
Apploye is a remote employee monitoring platform for small and growing businesses that need real visibility into how distributed teams spend work hours. It combines monitoring, time tracking, payroll and invoicing in one affordable tool, which makes it a practical fit for startups, BPOs, agencies and software teams.
Worth naming the trade-off plainly: screenshot-level monitoring changes how a team feels about being measured. It suits contract and hourly-billing work far better than salaried knowledge teams, where it tends to cost more in trust than it returns in data.
- Screenshots and screen recording: Up to 3–10 screenshots per 10 minutes across multiple monitors, plus full-session recordings.
- Apps and URL tracking: See which software and sites are used, and for how long.
- Activity monitoring: Engagement measured through keyboard and mouse activity levels.
- Idle time detection: Automatically flags periods away from work.
- Built-in payroll and invoicing: Pay remote teams and bill clients straight from tracked hours.
- Cross-platform and compliant: macOS, Windows, Linux, Android and Chrome, with GDPR and HIPAA support.
TestTrick
Best for: Hiring on verified skills rather than CVsFree 7-day trial, then from $35/mo
TestTrick is a skills assessment platform for companies from five-person startups upward. Where an ATS tracks and organises applicants, TestTrick evaluates them: skills tests, coding challenges, psychometric and cognitive assessments, and one-way video interviews in a single dashboard.
It ships more than 500 ready-made tests plus a custom builder for technical, sales, finance, marketing and support roles. Coding assessments include code playback, so a recruiter can review how a candidate approached a problem rather than judging only the final answer.
- 500+ tests and a custom builder: Use ready-made assessments or create role-specific tests in minutes.
- Coding assessments with playback: Review the problem-solving process, even without an internal technical reviewer.
- Psychometric and cognitive tests: Evaluate reasoning and role suitability alongside job-specific skills.
- One-way video interviews: Candidates record on their own schedule, cutting screening-call coordination.
- AI proctoring on every plan: Browser lockdown, dual-screen detection, paste detection and plagiarism checks without upgrading.
- ATS integrations: Connects with Greenhouse, Lever and Workday; pricing scales on volume and seats, not features.
Zimyo
Best for: Indian SMBs wanting HR and statutory payroll in one system₹80/user/mo, 50-user minimum
Zimyo is an all-in-one HR and payroll platform for small and growing businesses that want to run the full employee lifecycle from one system instead of stitching separate tools together. It serves 2,500+ organisations, with particular depth in statutory compliance for Indian employers.
What makes it practical for small teams is that payroll is not a separate product bolted on. Attendance and leave flow directly into salary processing, statutory deductions apply automatically, and payslips reach employees through a self-service app, so a lean HR team is not reconciling figures across systems at month end. Note the 50-user minimum, which puts it out of reach for the smallest teams.
- Payroll with statutory compliance: PF, ESI, TDS and professional tax calculated each cycle, with rule changes applied.
- Attendance and leave: Biometric, mobile or geo-based check-in, with balances updated automatically.
- Digital onboarding: Offer letters, document collection and induction tasks trigger as soon as a candidate accepts.
- Applicant tracking: Post roles and convert accepted offers into employee records without re-entering data.
- Performance management: Review cycles with KRA/KPI tracking, OKRs and continuous feedback.
- AI HR assistant: Resolves routine policy, leave-balance and payslip questions before they reach HR.
Pocket HRMS
Best for: Budget-conscious SMBs wanting heavy automationFrom $32/mo for 50 employees
Pocket HRMS is an AI-powered HRMS covering the employee lifecycle from recruitment to retirement. Being SaaS-based, it is customisable and scales without a re-platform, which is what makes it workable for budget-conscious organisations. Its agentic AI chatbot smHRty® and HR assistant HRMS Copilot™ carry much of the routine query load.
- smHRt Payroll: Machine-learning payroll checker that learns from your data and flags inconsistencies before they ship.
- GenAI recruitment and onboarding: JD creation, bulk resume parsing and summarisation, HR letters and interview question generation.
- GPS and facial attendance: Remote attendance with facial recognition, geofencing and optional geo-tracking.
- Agentic AI chatbot: smHRty® resolves employee queries and requests without a ticket.
- ESS portal and app: Multilingual mobile app for remote attendance, requests and approvals.
- Custom reports: A configurable data wizard feeding interactive dashboards.
factoHR
Best for: All-in-one HR automation for growing companiesCustom pricing
factoHR handles payroll, attendance, performance and onboarding in one place. Whether you are a growing startup or an established company, it covers everyday HR tasks without much setup overhead.
Employee self-service, mobile access, automated workflows and reporting take the routine load off the HR team, which is the point for a company where HR is one person with another job title.
ZenHR
Best for: Small businesses operating in the MENA regionCustom pricing
ZenHR is a cloud-based HR platform built specifically for businesses operating in the MENA region. It covers the full lifecycle, covering recruitment, onboarding, payroll, attendance and offboarding, with compliance against local labour law and social security regulations across several countries, which is the part generic platforms get wrong.
- Full-cycle HR: Payroll, attendance and leave tracking in one system.
- MENA compliance: Local labour laws and social security regulations kept current.
- Self-service portal and mobile app: On-the-go access for employees.
- Automated workflows: Cuts the manual HR admin that scales badly.
- Arabic and English: Multilingual support for mixed teams.
- Integrations: Connects to third-party tools and accounting software.
BambooHR
Best for: Small to mid-sized teams wanting clean core HRCustom pricing
BambooHR covers the essentials well: employee records, performance tracking and time-off requests, in an interface people learn without training. It is designed for small to medium-sized businesses and is the common answer for a team that wants records out of spreadsheets and little else.
HiBob
Best for: Fast-scaling teams wanting HR and engagement togetherCustom pricing
HiBob brings core HR, payroll, time tracking, performance management and engagement into one system called Bob. It works for small businesses through to fast-scaling teams that want structured onboarding, self-service and real-time people analytics, now with AI features through BobAI.
Its modern design and native integrations with Slack and the major payroll providers make it a strong option for teams that want capability without enterprise-level complexity.
Gusto
Best for: Payroll and benefits administration, US teamsFrom $49/mo
Gusto combines payroll, benefits administration and basic employee management, and is known for being the easiest entry point for a company new to HR tech. Automated payroll and tax filings are the draw: it removes the single most error-prone recurring task a small business owner handles.
Paycor
Best for: Small businesses with complex reporting needsCustom pricing
Paycor covers payroll, benefits and time tracking, with flexible reporting that suits businesses needing custom insights rather than fixed dashboards. It integrates with accounting software, keeping HR and finance processes connected.
Rippling
Best for: Teams managing HR and IT provisioning togetherCustom pricing
Rippling combines HR and IT management, which is its real differentiator: it automates payroll, benefits and compliance while also handling employee devices and software access. For a small business where the same person offboards an employee and reclaims their laptop, that consolidation removes an entire category of forgotten task.
Zoho People
Best for: Teams already inside the Zoho ecosystemFrom $1/employee/mo
Zoho People covers performance management, time tracking, an employee database and recruitment, with customisable workflows. Its strongest argument is integration with the rest of Zoho. If you already run Zoho CRM or Books, the data does not need a bridge. It is also the cheapest entry point on this list.
Deel
Best for: Hiring employees and contractors across bordersCustom pricing
Deel specialises in international teams, simplifying contract management, payroll and compliance across countries. It supports both full-time employees and contractors, which is the specific problem a small business hits the first time it hires someone in another jurisdiction and discovers what that entails.
TriNet
Best for: Small businesses wanting HR support, not just softwareCustom pricing
TriNet provides payroll, benefits, risk mitigation and compliance support, with HR consulting attached. It is closer to outsourced HR than to software, which is the right shape when nobody in the company wants to become the HR person.
Workable
Best for: Small businesses hiring at volumeCustom pricing
Workable is a dedicated applicant tracking system: job postings, candidate management and interview scheduling in one pipeline. If hiring is the process currently living in a shared inbox, this is the tool that fixes it.
HubSpot CRM
Best for: Free candidate and employee record managementFree; paid from $9/user/mo
HubSpot's CRM, with its free HR-adjacent tools, works for organising candidate and employee records and running a hiring pipeline. Email automation and pipeline management handle candidate nurture, and the App Marketplace covers payroll and recruitment integrations.
It is a workaround rather than an HR system, but for a company hiring occasionally on no budget, a free CRM beats a spreadsheet by a wide margin.
How to choose

Six steps, in order. Most bad purchases skip the first one and compensate by comparing feature lists, which is how you end up with a system that impresses in a demo and irritates in month two.
- Identify your HR needs
List the specific tasks you need help with: payroll, recruitment, performance tracking. Buy for the pain you have now plus the growth you can actually see, not the feature list you admire.
- Consider scalability
Your software should grow with you. Check that it handles more employees and more complex functions without a migration, because switching platforms mid-growth is expensive in time as much as money.
- Evaluate user-friendliness
Software requiring heavy training becomes a burden rather than a help. If your least technical team member cannot use it in a trial, adoption will not happen after purchase either.
- Check integration capabilities
Make sure it connects to what you already run: payroll, accounting, project management. Without integration you get duplicate data entry, which is the problem you were trying to solve.
- Review customer support
Check how support is delivered, and when. A small business hitting a payroll issue on a Friday needs an answer, not a ticket number.
- Set a budget
Decide what you can spend, then check the pricing structure for per-user minimums, integration fees and premium tiers. The headline price is rarely the real one.
Mistakes to avoid

Each of these costs money, but the expensive part is usually the switching cost twelve months later rather than the subscription itself.
- Not identifying specific needs
Choosing before you have listed what you actually need means buying software that solves someone else's problem. Write the list first, and buy against it.
- Overlooking scalability
Fitting your current size is not the same as fitting your next one. Software that cannot grow forces a switch at the worst possible moment, while you are busy growing.
- Ignoring ease of use
Hard-to-navigate software leads to frustration and errors. If it requires complex training for both HR and employees, adoption stalls and you keep the spreadsheets as a shadow system.
- Focusing solely on price
The cheapest option that lacks an essential feature is not the cheapest option. Assess value against features, scalability and what it saves you over a year.
- Forgetting integrations
Without proper integration you end up with disconnected systems, duplicated effort and data that disagrees with itself. Confirm the connections you need exist before buying.
- Not checking customer support
Support matters most for small businesses with no internal IT. Confirm the channels, the hours and the response times before you are the one waiting.
- Overcomplicating the decision
The options are overwhelming and the demos are persuasive. Focus on the core functionality you need and pick; a good-enough system running beats a perfect one still being evaluated.
Implementing it without losing a month

Implementation runs two to four weeks for most small businesses. Planning, clear communication and ongoing support are what separate the short version from the long one.
- Plan your implementation
Write down goals, responsibilities and timelines before you start. A structured plan means the team knows what to expect, which is most of what makes a transition smooth.
- Involve your HR team early
Your HR team are the primary users, so get their input before the decision, not after. What they need day to day is the requirement list nobody else can write.
- Train the team properly
Effective training up front and on an ongoing basis minimises mistakes and gets people confident enough to actually use the system rather than working around it.
- Test before going live
Run through payroll and performance tracking in a test environment. Finding the problem before launch costs an afternoon; finding it after costs a pay cycle.
- Communicate the change
Explain why the system is changing, what it means for employees and what they need to do. Uncertainty is what turns a new tool into a source of resistance.
- Monitor and gather feedback
Watch how it performs and collect feedback from HR staff and employees. The gaps show up in week three, not week one.
- Stay on top of updates
HR software needs updates for features, fixes and compliance changes. Regular maintenance keeps it secure and keeps it matching what the business now needs.
Working out value for money

Value is not the monthly figure. It is the monthly figure plus implementation, plus training, plus whatever the gaps cost you, measured against the hours it gives back.
- Assess features against cost
Compare what the software includes against the price. A lower price is not a saving if you lose a feature you need and buy a second tool to cover it.
- Check scalability of pricing
Look for tiered pricing or modular features that accommodate growth. Watch for per-user minimums that make the entry price irrelevant at your headcount.
- Weigh ease of implementation
The easier it is to use and roll out, the less you spend on training and the sooner it starts paying back. Implementation cost is real cost even when it is not invoiced.
- Look for hidden fees
Low headline pricing often comes with charges for additional users, integrations, support tiers or premium features. Read the pricing page properly, then ask about what is not on it.
- Weigh support and service
Comprehensive support, meaning training, troubleshooting and ongoing help, saves time you would otherwise spend debugging. Quality support resolves issues before they become disruptions.
- Read reviews and feedback
Feedback from actual users tells you about reliability and day-to-day usability. Look for recurring complaints specifically. One bad review is noise, the same complaint five times is a pattern.
- Factor in long-term ROI
Software that saves time and reduces errors produces real savings. Look past the upfront cost and estimate the return over a year of use.
The honest summary: streamlining HR operations is not a nice-to-have once you are past a handful of people. The right system automates the time-consuming work, improves compliance and frees your team to focus on people rather than paperwork. Whatever you need, whether payroll, attendance, onboarding or engagement, there is something on this list sized for a small business rather than scaled down from an enterprise product.
FAQs
What is the best HR software for a small company?
There is no single best HR software for a small company. It depends on the job you are solving. BambooHR and Zoho People are strong for core records, Gusto and Zimyo for payroll, Workable for hiring, and CultureMonkey for engagement and feedback. Start from your biggest current pain, then check the tool scales with your growth plans and integrates with what you already run.
Can I get reliable HR tools on a small budget?
Yes. Zoho People starts around $1 per employee per month, HubSpot's CRM has a free tier that covers candidate and employee records, and Gusto and Apploye sit at the low end for payroll and time tracking. The trade-off is usually depth rather than reliability. Budget tools do fewer things, but the things they do work.
How long does it take to implement HR software?
Implementation typically takes two to four weeks, depending on your size and the complexity of the platform. That covers setup, data migration, training and testing. A clear plan, proper training and a test run before going live are what keep it at the short end of that range rather than the long one.
Do I need separate software for payroll and HR?
Not necessarily. All-in-one platforms like Zimyo, Rippling, Paycor and Gusto combine payroll with core HR, which avoids re-keying data between systems. Specialist tools sit alongside them: an ATS like Workable for hiring, or an engagement platform like CultureMonkey for feedback, and integrate rather than duplicate. One core system plus one or two specialists is the common shape under 50 employees.
Is HR software worth it for companies with fewer than 50 employees?
Yes, and often more so. Under 50 employees there is rarely a dedicated HR person, so the admin lands on a founder or an office manager alongside another job. Automating leave, payroll, onboarding and records buys back hours every week and removes the errors that come from doing compliance work from memory.